Summary: Affective empathy enables social mammals to learn and transfer emotion to conspecifics. but an understanding of the neural circuitry and genetics underlying affective empathy is still very limited. Here. using the naive observational fear between cagemates as a paradigm similar to human affective empathy and chemo/optogenetic neuroactivity manipulation in mouse brain. https://cosmeticssquadets.shop/product-category/face-tattoos/